Caillois.

Caillois' ideas in regards to waste are not incorrect. Play, especially with video games, is not inherently productive. While the player can accomplish something within the video game and even have something (within the game) to show for it, outside of the game it rarely amounts to anything of worth. An exception to this would be online games, wherein items procured can actually be sold for real currency. This is most common in MMOs, and also in Valve's game 'Team Fortress 2'. While the sale of game items for actual currency is not actually officially sanctioned, transactions do occur and these salesmen can actually claim that their play has gained them something valuable in the outside world.

However, the argument could be made that those using a video game to farm for real profit have changed play into work. When one plays a video game for any other purpose than to enjoy that game, it ceases to be play.